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Publications
View our publications and presentations on the following topics
- International Climate Policy and the Kyoto Protocol
- Legal Aspects of the Kyoto Protocol
- Emission Trading and Climate Policy in Europe
- Implementation and Design of the CDM
- Carbon Contracting
- Carbon Market Overview and Trends
- Green Investment Schemes
- Forestry
- Submissions to the UNFCCC
International Climate Policy and the Kyoto Protocol
Financial Instruments and Cooperation in Implementing International Agreements for the Global Environment (2006), by Charlotte Streck, published in Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change, Gerd Winder (ed.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.493-516.
Joint Implementation: History, Requirements, and Challenges, by Charlotte Streck, in: Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms (2005), Charlotte Streck with David Freestone (eds). Oxford University Press, London.
Governments and Policy Networks: Chances, Risks and a Missing Strategy (2005), by Charlotte Streck, published in A Handbook of Globalization and Environmental Policy, Frank Wijnen, Kees Zoeteman, Jan Pieters (eds.), Egward Elgar, Cheltenham.
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State Aid Issues in Climate Change Policy (2005), by Mercedes Fernandez, Eckard Rehbinder and Michael Bothe, published in EEP Network: Developing legal and economic instruments to implement climate policy, Eleven Publishing House, Utrecht.
The World Summit on Sustainable Development: Partnerships as New Tools in Environmental Governance (2004), by Charlotte Streck , published in Yearbook of International Environmental Law 2002, Vol.13, Oxford University Press, London.
Progress or Peril? Partnerships and Networks in Global Environmental Governance, by Charlotte Streck, Jan Martin Witte and Thorsten Benner (eds.) (2003), The Post-Johannesburg Agenda, Yale RIS, New Haven.
Synergies between the Emissions Trading Proposal and the IPPC Directive (2003), by Mercedes Fernandez, published in ELNI, Vol.1, Öko-Institut, Darmstadt.
Global Public Policy Networks as Coalitions for Change (2002), by Charlotte Streck, published in Esty, Ivanova (eds). Global Environmental Governance, Options and Opportunities, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven.
Presentations
Track 1 Joint Implementation, by Charlotte Streck, presented at UNFCCC JI Workshop in Bonn, Germany, 14 February 2007.
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Too many mechanisms, too few institutions: Challenges and chances for EITs, by Charlotte Streck, presented at SBSTA in Bonn, Germany, 25 May 2006.
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International transaction log, ITL, by Adriaan Korthuis, presented at the PointCarbon conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1 March 2006.
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The Carbon Capture and Storage under the Kyoto Protocol, by Jelmer Hoogzaad, presented at UNECE Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Coal in Sustainable Development, 2nd session, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2006.
Legal Aspects of the Kyoto Protocol
Special Issue of the Environmental Liability Journal on the legal status of Carbon Finance and the Flexible Mechanisms, edited by David Freestone and Charlotte Streck. With contributions from Climate Focus team members
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Carbon & Climate Law Review: A Journal of Climate Regulation and the Carbon Market, by the Journal's Editorial Board whom include Charlotte Streck and David Freestone.
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Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms: Making Kyoto Work (2005), by David Freestone and Charlotte Streck, Oxford University Press, London.
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Legal Ownership and Nature of Kyoto Units and EU Allowances, by Charlotte Streck and Matthieu Wemaere, in: Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms (2005), Charlotte Streck with David Freestone (eds), Oxford University Press, London.
Emissions Trading: Lessons From SOx and NOx Emissions Allowance and Credit Systems Legal Nature, Title, Transfer, and Taxation of Emission Allowances and Credits (2005), by Charlotte Streck and Markus W. Gehring, published in Environmental Law Reporter 4, Washington, D.C.
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Presentations
Public-Private Rule-Making and Implementing in the New Carbon Economy, by Charlotte Streck, presented at the workshop in Climate Governance beyond Rhetoric Deliberation and rule making along the public-private frontier at the University of Lund, Sweden, on 29 May 2008. Download presentation.
Legislative Approaches Towards Emission Trading: The Kyoto Protocol and the EU ETS, by Charlotte Streck, presented at the Side Event of the Centre of International Sustainable Development Law (CISDL), 12th session of the Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC, 15 November 2006, Nairobi, Kenya.
Legal issues: JI transactions, by Charlotte Streck, presented at a Moscow workshop in Moscow, Russia, 15 April 2006.
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Legal issues: CDM and JI transactions, by Robert O’Sullivan, presented at workshop: “CDM and JI – chances for German technologies” in Hamburg, Germany, 9 March 2006.
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Emission Trading and Climate Policy in Europe
Impact Assessment on LULUCF and Forest-Based Carbon Credits: A Response to DG Environment’s Staff Working Document (2008) by Climate Focus, Terra Carbon, Sustainable Forest Management, Ecosecurities and the Carbon Market Association. A paper that rebuts concerns expressed by the EU Commission with respect to CDM forestry projects.
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Trading Secondary CERs from Hydropower Projects above 20MW (2008), by Climate Focus’ Legal Team. Climate Focus has developed a memorandum that examines the issue of recognizing CERs from hydropower projects above 20MW (“Hydro CERs”) in the EU. Hydro CERs, at present, are mutually recognized and thus freely tradable on the EU ETS.
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Implementing the Kyoto Protocol: The European Emissions Trading Scheme (2005), by Charlotte Streck, published in The International Environmental Law Committee Newsletter, publication of the International Environmental Law Committee of the Section of International Law, American Bar Association, Vol. 1 Issue 1, June 2005, Washington, D.C.
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The EU and Climate Change (2005), by Charlotte Streck and David Freestone, published in reflections on 30 Years of EU Environmental Law, A High Level of Protection?, Richard Macroy (ed.), The Avosetta Series (7), Europa Law Publishing, Groningen, pp.87-106.
Can the EU emission trading scheme support CDM forestry? (2005), by Charlotte Streck and Bernhard Schlamadinger, Benoit Bosquet, Ian Noble, Michael Dutschke, Neil Bird, published in Climate Policy, Vol. 5 Issue 2, Oxford University Press, London.
Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation in Accession Countries (2005), by Mercedes Fernandez and Leonardo Massai, published in EEP Network: developing legal and economic instruments to implement climate policy, Eckard Rehbinder and Michael Bothe (eds.), Eleven Publishing House, Utrecht.
Sharing the Climate Policy Burden in the EU (2002), by Toke Aidt and Sandra Greiner, Discussion Paper N. 176, Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Hamburg.
Joint Implementation and EU Accession Countries (2002), by Mercedes Fernandez and Axel Michaelowa, Discussion Paper N. 173 Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Hamburg.
Presentations
Using LULUCF credits in the EU: Three proposals, by Charlotte Streck, presented at a workshop for policy makers in Brussels, 20 March 2006.
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The EU as climate change leader? The EU Emission Trading Scheme, by Charlotte Streck, presented at Brodies Lecture, University of Edinburgh, 1 March 2006.
Implementation and Design of the CDM
Making Markets Work: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform (2008) by Charlotte Streck and Jolene Lin, European Journal of International Law 2008, 19: 409-442.
Implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism in China: Sustainable Development, Benefit Sharing and Ownership of Certified Emission Reductions (in press), by Charlotte Streck and Xinjun Zhang, Yearbook of International Environmental Law 2005, Vol.16, Oxford University Press, London.
Clean Development Mechanism in China: Taking a Proactive and Sustainable Approach (2005), by Charlotte Streck and Jostein Nygard, Andrew Murray, published in The Sinosphere Journal, The Professional Association for China’s Environment, Vol. 8 Issue, 1 May 2005, Beijing, pp. 5-12, www.chinaenvironment.net.
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Defining Investment Additionality for CDM projects – practical approaches (2003), by Sandra Greiner and Axel Michaelowa, Energy Policy 31, pp.1007-1015.
Contratos de Reducciones de Emisiones (ERs) provenientes de Proyectos de Manejo de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos. (2004), by Charlotte Streck, Gabriel Blanco, Daniel Bouille, Osvaldo Girardin, Estella Santalla and Juan Rodrigo Walsh, Technical Report for the Ministry of Environment of Argentina.
How to define small-scale landfill gas projects? (2004), by Sandra Greiner, World Bank discussion paper.
Additionality test clarification (2004), by Lex de Jonge, Sandra Greiner and Gerhard Mulder, submitted to the CDM EB and presented for discussion at Carbon Expo, Cologne, Germany in May 2004.
Small-Scale Afforestation and Reforestation Projects: Simplified Modalities and Procedures (2004), by Sandra Greiner and Sergio Jaurequi, World Bank Carbon Finance Business submission to UNFCCC, FCCC/WEB/2004/2.
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Carbon Contracting
UNEP Risoe announces forthcoming publication on carbon credit pricing. Carbon trading is expanding rapidly, with over 100 million credits from CDM projects sold to date. Market actors, particularly those engaged in CDM, need to be on top of new trends and price dynamics. This publication provides unique insights and in-depth analysis from traders, DNAs, legal advisers, investors, and CDM developers.
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World Bank Carbon Finance Business: Contracts and Emission Reduction Purchase Transactions, by Charlotte Streck in: Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms (2005), Charlotte Streck with David Freestone (eds), Oxford University Press, London.
Presentations
Principles of Carbon Contracting. Asian Development Bank, Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (gtz), by Charlotte Streck, presented at Capacity building workshop in cooperation with BAPPENAS, 11 January 2007, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Transacciones de carbono (MDL y AC): Proceso contractual y mitigación de riesgos a través de los contratos, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at Mercados, Financiación y Fondos de Carbono, Expo CO2, 4-5 May 2006, Barcelona, Spain.
Introduction to legal and contractual aspects of CDM projects, by Robert O’Sullivan, presented at the University of Twente, Netherlands, 23 May 2006.
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A project developer’s view on Joint Implementation, by Adriaan Korthuis, presented at the Joint Implementation workshop UNFCCC, 10 March 2006.
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Carbon Market Overview and Trends
Presentations
CDM en JI projecten - de bronnen van CERs en ERUs, by Jelmer Hoogzaad, Congres Emissiehandel 2007, 15 May 2007, Ede, Netherlands.
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JI and CDM in practice: Projects and market developments, by Charlotte Streck, Climate Dialogues, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, 31 October 2006, Hong Kong.
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Desafíos y oportunidades de las energías renovables en relación con los mecanismos flexibles del Protocolo de Kyoto, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at Primera conferencia Reuters sobre mercados energéticos, on 28 September 2006, Madrid, Spain.
The status of CDM and JI. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme – One year on, by Charlotte Streck, presented on 8 February 2006, Université de Leuven, Groot Begijnhof/Faculty Club, Leuven, Belgium.
Transacciones de Carbono a través del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio y Acción Conjunta: presente y futuro, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at Economía y cambio climático: bases para un tratado post-Kyoto, Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo, on 31 July-4 August 2006, Santander, Spain.
Opportunities in the carbon market for Shanghai Futures Exchange, by Charlotte Streck and Sandra Greiner, presented at Shanghai Futures Exchange, on 28 August 2006, Shanghai, China.
Sector Privado Europeo y MDL: estrategia y requisitos en la compra de CERs, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at MDL: Oportunidades de negocio y cooperación entre Alemania y Argentina, Cámara de Comercio Argentino-Alemana, on 7-8 June 2006, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Carbon markets and CMM, by Jelmer Hoogzaad, presented at UNECE Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Coal Mine Methane, 2nd session, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2006.
Carbon finance: Opportunities, pitfalls and advantages for small scale projects, by Robert O’Sullivan, presented at BORDA International Workshop: Boosting basic needs services in Africa, 12-13 December 2005.
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Green Investment Schemes
Options for a Green Investment Scheme for Ukraine (2006), by Charlotte Streck, James Atkins, Jelmer Hoogzaad and Yulia Pahshenko, The World Bank (unpublished report).
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Options for a Green Investment Scheme for Bulgaria (2004), by Charlotte Streck and Varadan Atur et al., The World Bank (unpublished report).
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Presentations
Chances and Risks of AAU Backed Green Investment Schemes, by Jelmer Hoogzaad, presented at Climate Technology Initiative, Leipzig, Germany, October 2005.
Forestry
Climate Change and Forests, Emerging Policy and Market Opportunities edited by Charlotte Streck, Robert O'Sullivan, Toby Janson-Smith and Richard G. Tarasofsky. The book is published by Brookings Institute Press and Chatham House.
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a full description and order from the Brookings Press Institute website.
Snake Oil for the Mind: National Baselines for Reducing Deforestation by Charlotte Streck (2007). Published by The Katoomba Group’s Ecosystem Marketplace.
Read article on EcosystemMarketplace website
The hidden value of Bali: Why saving the world's rainforests is good for the climate and the US economy (2008) by J. Horowitz and R. O’Sullivan, published by Mongabay.com.
The article is also available on the EcosystemMarketplace website under the title "Analysis: Why saving the world's rainforests is good for the climate and the US economy."
Read article on Mongabay website or EcosystemMarketplace website
Forestry: Can the private sector play a role?, by Robert O'Sullivan in Kyoto and the carbon markets, a special supplement to Environmental Finance and Carbon Finance, November 2007.
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Climate Change and Forestry: A Complicated Relationship, by Charlotte Streck in ArborVitae, the IUCN/WWF Forest Conservation Newsletter No. 34. October 2007.
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Mobilizing Public and Private Resources for the Protection of Tropical Rainforests:
The need to create incentives for immediate investments in the reduction of emissions from deforestation within the international climate change regime, by Lucio Pedroni (CATIE) and Charlotte Streck.
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Protecting forests to mitigate global climate change, (in press) paper prepared for a DFID brainstorming session on ‘Illegal logging and associated trade: exploring future options’, held on 24 January 2007, at Chatham House in London, published online.
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A Carbon Stock Approach to Creating a Positive Incentive to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (2007), Steve Prior, Robert O'Sullivan, and Charlotte Streck, submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat, 23 February 2007.
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Protecting forests to mitigate global climate change, (in press) paper prepared for a DFID brainstorming session on ‘Illegal logging and associated trade: exploring future options’, held on 24 January 2007, at Chatham House in London.
Download the paper (76k PDF) | Download the presentation (56k PDF)
ViewPoint: LULUCF projects under JI: Will they be impossible?, by Robert O’Sullivan and Bernhard Schlamadinger, published in PointCarbon; CDM & JI monitor, January 24, 2007.
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The role of forests in global climate change: whence we come and where we go (2006), by Charlotte Streck and Sebastian Scholz, published in International Affairs 82 (5), pp. 861-879, London.
Briefing Note: LULUCF amendment to the EU ETS (2006), by Charlotte Streck and Robert O’Sullivan, Climate Focus.
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Key technical issues relevant to CDM Forestry Projects (2006), by Charlotte Streck, Toby Janson-Smith, Joachim Schnurr (unpublished report).
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Local and Global benefits of including LULUCF Credits in the EU ETS (2006), by Robert O’Sullivan, Charlotte Streck, Toby Janson-Smith, Jonathan Haskett, Bernhard Schlamadinger and John O. Niles (unpublished report).
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Policy Brief: Inclusion of temporary credits from CDM forestry projects into the EU emission trading scheme (2005), by Charlotte Streck, Benoit Bosquet and Bernhard Schlamadinger, published in CDM Investment Newsletter Nr. 5, 2005.
Can the EU emission trading scheme support CDM forestry? (2005), by Charlotte Streck and Bernhard Schlamadinger, Benoit Bosquet, Ian Noble, Michael Dutschke, Neil Bird, published in Climate Policy, Volume 5 Issue 2, Oxford University Press, London.
Reasons for excluding forest carbon credits in the EU ETS, Prepared by Benoît Bosquet, Charlotte Streck, Toby Janson-Smith, Jonathan Haskett and Ian Noble.
Presentations
Exclusions vs. inclusions of land-use offsets in emissions trading system: A barrier for linking?, by Charlotte Streck, presented together with Joanneum Research, at a workshop on linking of emission trading schemes organized by the Wuppertal Institut in Brussels, 29 May 2006.
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Markets for LULUCF Credits b. Answering the Liability Question: Making Temporary Credits Compatible with the EU ETS, by Charlotte Streck, presented at Carbon Expo, 10-11 May 2006, Cologne, Germany.
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Using LULUCF credits in the EU: Three proposals, by Charlotte Streck, presented at a workshop for policy makers in Brussels, 20 March 2006.
Download presentation (652k PDF)
UNFCCC and other submissions
Additionality test clarification (2004), by Lex de Jonge, Sandra Greiner and Gerhard Mulder, submitted to the CDM EB and presented for discussion at Carbon Expo, Cologne, Germany in May 2004.
Small-Scale Afforestation and Reforestation Projects: Simplified Modalities and Procedures (2004), by Sandra Greiner and Sergio Jaurequi, World Bank Carbon Finance Business submission to UNFCCC, FCCC/WEB/2004/2.
Download the submission (308k PDF)
Submission to the call for input of the 23rd meeting CDM Executive Board on Additionality (2006) by Climate Focus.
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Submission to the call for input of the JI Supervisory Committee on the format of JI PDDs and the relevant PDD guidelines (2006) by Climate Focus.
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Response for the call for comments of the International Emission Trading Association and the Climate Group on the Voluntary Carbon Standards (2006) by Climate Focus.
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Will Joint Implementation LULUCF projects be impossible in practice? Open letter to the JI Supervisory Committee and the UNFCCC secretariat by Bernhard Schlamadinger, Charlotte Streck, Robert O’Sullivan.
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