Climate Focus together with EnD-I AG have developed a biogas estimation tool that allows project developers to assess the potential JI or CDM compliant emission reductions from a biogas investment and optimise their investment strategy and feedstock procurement.

Climate Focus has released a study commissioned by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) to assess the supply of high quality REDD + credits for international carbon markets (2011-2035).

The Rockefeller Foundation commissioned an assessment of the investment potential for agricultural carbon in Africa that could improve soil fertility, enhance carbon stocks and contribute to food security.

On the 1st of March 2010, Climate Focus, together with the Belgian Ministry of Health Food Chain Safety and Environment and Caisse des dépôts, organised a roundtable held in Brussels on the potentials of Article 24a of the revised EU ETS Directive for developing a system of domestic offsets within the European Union. Representatives of the EU Commission, the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, Member States, the private sector and research institutes actively participated with presentations and discussions.

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) hosted the second annual Forest Carbon Finance Summit: Getting to Scale, Getting Results on February 25-27, 2010 in Washington, DC.  Climate Focus co-authored two papers for the event including “Options for Managing Financial Flows from REDD+" and “The Challenge of Urgency: Incentivizing Private Sector Early Action in REDD+.” Leaders in the forest carbon finance field gathered to move the conversation on REDD+ from a conceptual level to a practical one focused on how carbon markets, public finance, and new mechanisms can be used to channel capital to forest conservation.

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) hosted the second annual Forest Carbon Finance Summit: Getting to Scale, Getting Results on February 25-27, 2010 in Washington, DC.  Climate Focus co-authored two papers for the event including “Options for Managing Financial Flows from REDD+" and “The Challenge of Urgency: Incentivizing Private Sector Early Action in REDD+.” Leaders in the forest carbon finance field gathered to move the conversation on REDD+ from a conceptual level to a practical one focused on how carbon markets, public finance, and new mechanisms can be used to channel capital to forest conservation.

The German Ministry of the Environment (BMU) has appointed a consortium of Tsinghua University, Climate Focus and four other organisations to evaluate and test the application of carbon financing instruments to the Chinese building sector.

In a brief of 15 December 2009 Climate Focus gives an overview of the new rules.

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Ecofys and Climate Focus have been awarded a study

In order to clarify China's position concerning climate change, Climate Focus has prepared a briefing note that outlines the country's domestic Policies and it's role in International Negotiations.

The objective of this paper is to assess design options for an institutional financial architecture supporting a new global climate deal. It aims to support an informal dialogue and consultation process among key policy makers and officials engaged in the negotiations of a reformed financial mechanism under the UNFCCC beyond 2012. This paper elaborates on some of the prominent proposals submitted by UNFCCC Parties, experts, and nongovernmental organizations for a scaled-up and reformed financial mechanism to assist developing countries in fulfilling their obligations under the Convention and responding to the adverse effects of climate change.

In a special report commissioned by the Government of Norway released March 16th 2009 Climate Focus’ Charlotte Streck contributed to the structuring of financial mechanisms that frame a flexible, global approach to providing adequate incentives to REDD policies and greenhouse gas reductions from the forest sector. The REDD Options Assessment Report was vetted in consultation, and outlines issues of finance, establishment of reference levels, monitoring, reporting and verification, and participation of indigenous and local peoples in REDD. The result is an approach that can accommodate (i) the diverse capabilities and circumstances of REDD countries; (ii) an expanded scope of REDD with conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks; and (iii) the near-term constraints of the current global financial crisis.  Download the complete report in multiple languages here...

This papers proposes a process that encourages developing and industrialized countries alike in taking first steps of identifying ways developing countries can contribute to climate change mitigation. The process draws on lessons learned in the emerging Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) readiness process.

Over the last three years, international- and national-level work on behalf of many government and nongovernment actors in industrial and non-Annex I countries has given rise to the development of various proposals on how to structure adequate policy incentives for REDD within the context of the UNFCCC and the second commitment phase of the Kyoto Protocol. The present memo summarizes the financing aspects of the various REDD proposals currently being discussed at the international level.

Infobrief 17: Financing REDD: Linking country needs and financing sources

CIFOR Produced two Infobriefs that were also co-authored by Charlotte Streck on these same subjects, one of them is Infobrief 15: What is the right scale for REDD?

Climate Focus, as part of the Joint Implementation Action Group (JIAG), has outlined the advantages of a strengthened JI mechanism beyond 2012. The papers propose various reforms to further expand and strengthen the current JI. Please click here to download the Legal Paper and here to download the Policy Paper.

Climate Focus submitted its comments to the CDM Executive Board on the draft of the updated version of the validation and verification manual.

Climate Focus views on the draft documents prepared by the Ad hoc Working Group of Working Group 3 (Emissions Trading of the Climate Change Committee and the Commission) proposing the harmonization of approval procedures by Member States applicable to CDM hydroelectric project activities with generating capacity above 20 MW.

Client briefing dedicated to US climate law. It summarizes the main features of the Climate Security Act. The act, sponsored by the Senators Lieberman and Warner, is currently the most prominent piece of proposed US federal climate legislation. Furthermore, Climate Focus prepared a post-scriptum which summarizes the main changes as included in the revised Climate Security Act that was released on 22 May 2008.

Client briefing dedicated to US climate law. It summarizes the main features of the Climate Security Act. The act, sponsored by the Senators Lieberman and Warner, is currently the most prominent piece of proposed US federal climate legislation. Furthermore, Climate Focus prepared a post-scriptum which summarizes the main changes as included in the revised Climate Security Act that was released on 22 May 2008.

The EU Commission’s proposal for the EU ETS III period contains many positive features and suggestions for EU ETS reform, but provides a very weak and disappointing support for future CDM and JI projects. This memo summarizes the treatment of CERs and ERUs (and other international offsets) as presented in this proposal.

EU member states’ requirements for the approval of large hydro CDM project has generated confusion. This memo provides an update on the discussion and looks ahead and assesses EU wide attempts to harmonise the approval requirements.

A submission on ways to strengthen the effectiveness of the CDM was sent to the UNFCCC on March 2008 by Climate Focus and a group of collaborators. It discusses ways to improve the scope, effectiveness and functioning of afforestation and reforestation (A/R) activities under the CDM with the recognition that doing so will help enhance the regional distribution of CDM projects.

Mobilizing Public and Private Resources for the Protection of Tropical Rainforests:

The 9th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (December 2003) adopted the modalities and procedures for the inclusion of afforestation and reforestation (A/R) projects in the CDM. In the light of the application of these modalities, the Commission is to give due consideration to whether and, if so, how credits from land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities could be used in entity-level emissions trading in the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). This briefing note does not anticipate any political decision on the topic, but rather looks at how an amendment to Directive 2003/87/EC (as amended by Directive 2004/101/EC) could be drafted in case the EU law maker decides to allow the use of CERs from A/R project activities and ERUs from LULUCF project activities for compliance under the EU ETS.

Policy Brief: Inclusion of temporary credits from CDM forestry projects into the EU emission trading scheme (2005), by Charlotte Streck, Benoit Bosquet and Bernhard Schlamadinger, published in CDM Investment Newsletter Nr. 5, 2005.

Climate Focus led a team of experts to analyze opportunities for involving the private sector in the generation of REDD+ credits for the UK Department for International Development (DFID).

Although contributing 14% of the world’s GHG emissions, agriculture has been largely neglected until now. Michael Coren looks at the future of the agricultural sector and climate change in an editorial for the Katoomba Group. With synergies between mitigation and adaptation within reach, agriculture’s time has finally come.

VietNamNet Bridge published Charlotte Streck’s article about Vietnam’s role in REDD+ on occasion of a Hanoi Conference on Payment for Ecosystem Services from REDD. The article discusses Vietnam’s active involvement in REDD+ related activities over the past 20 years, signaling how it serves as a model for the ‘plus’ component of REDD+, and can further develop its policies and programs.

Climate Focus authors Michael J. Coren and Charlotte Streck wrote about international REDD+ policies in the recent Policy Impacts on Deforestation:  Lessons Learned from Past Experiences to Inform New Initiatives published by Duke University in June 2010. This comprehensive study looks at interventions and policies to reduce emissions and increase forestry carbon stocks. You can download the publication here or view the whole "International Forest Carbon and Climate Policy" Series here.

Validation progress

China is exploring carbon emissions trading as an instrument to boost energy efficiency in buildings.

В данном отчете рассматриваются варианты, которые открыты для Правительства

This report explores the options open to the Kazakh Government and the country’s private sector to engage in carbon finance activities as soon as possible, taking into account the legal, institutional and economic aspects. The prospective timeframe analyzed includes both the Kyoto Protocol (the Protocol) commitment period until and including 2012 and the time thereafter. To this end, the report describes the basic division of Annex I country versus developing country Parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (the Convention), and Kazakhstan’s various interventions at the international level to position itself in between this strict divide in the Convention and then in the Protocol.

World Bank technical note authored by Carole Megevand (World Bank), Anne Martinet (ONFi) and Charlotte Streck on options for setting REDD+ reference levels for the countries of the Congo Basin. The note has been developed in the context of a local workshop hosted by COMIFAC and the Government of Cameroon that took place in Douala from the 16-18 November 2009. Download the note in English or French from the following website.

Despite the many calls to reform the CDM, its conceptual underpinnings are strong and it will most

In a special report commissioned by the Government of Norway released March 16th 2009 Climate Focus’ Charlotte Streck contributed to the structuring of financial mechanisms that frame a flexible, global approach to providing adequate incentives to REDD policies and greenhouse gas reductions from the forest sector.

New Mechanisms for Financing Mitigation Transforming economies sector by sector (March 2009) , by David Reed, Pablo Gutman, Kim Carstensen. WWF discussion paper. Climate Focus provided several background papers to the WWF team.

Seminar Proceedings ASEAN High Level Seminar Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Towards a Cross-sectoral Programme Approach in ASEAN (2009). Prepared on behalf of GTZ, Hertie School of Governance, The (German) Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, The Australian Government/AusAID, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy.

The Role of Sector No-Lose Targets in Scaling up Finance for Climate Change Mitigation Activities in Developing Countries by Murray Ward (ed.) Prepared for DEFRA.

Review (2008) of Climate Change and Forests: emerging policy and market opportunitie by Pleininger, T. Ecological Economics.

Impact Assessment on LULUCF and Forest-Based Carbon Credits: A Response to DG Environment’s Staff Working Document (2008) by Climate Focus, Terra Carbon, Sustainable Forest Management, Ecosecurities and the Carbon Market Association. A paper that rebuts concerns expressed by the EU Commission with respect to CDM forestry projects.

The hidden value of Bali: Why saving the world's rainforests is good for the climate and the US economy (2008) by J. Horowitz and R. O’Sullivan, published by Mongabay.com. The article is also available on the EcosystemMarketplace website under the title "Analysis: Why saving the world's rainforests is good for the climate and the US economy."

Trading Secondary CERs from Hydropower Projects above 20MW (2008), by Climate Focus’ Legal Team. Climate Focus has developed a memorandum that examines the issue of recognizing CERs from hydropower projects above 20MW (“Hydro CERs”) in the EU. Hydro CERs, at present, are mutually recognized and thus freely tradable on the EU ETS.

Forestry: Can the private sector play a role?, by Robert O'Sullivan in Kyoto and the carbon markets, a special supplement to Environmental Finance and Carbon Finance, November 2007.  

Featured in the IUCN/WWF publication ArborVitae in 2007, this article presents arguments in support of a greater role for land-use related emissions and removals within any attempt to stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations.  It discusses some of the factors complicating the inclusion of AFOLU solutions in the Kyoto regime, and other options such as non-market based approaches.

A Carbon Stock Approach to Creating a Positive Incentive to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (2007), Steve Prior, Robert O'Sullivan, and Charlotte Streck, submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat, 23 February 2007.

Protecting forests to mitigate global climate change, (in press) paper prepared for a DFID brainstorming session on ‘Illegal logging and associated trade: exploring future options’, held on 24 January 2007, at Chatham House in London, published online.

ViewPoint: LULUCF projects under JI: Will they be impossible?, by Robert O’Sullivan and Bernhard Schlamadinger, published in PointCarbon; CDM & JI monitor, January 24, 2007.

Options for a Green Investment Scheme for Ukraine (2006), by Charlotte Streck, James Atkins, Jelmer Hoogzaad and Yulia Pahshenko, The World Bank (unpublished report) - report 2.

Options for a Green Investment Scheme for Ukraine (2006), by Charlotte Streck, James Atkins, Jelmer Hoogzaad and Yulia Pahshenko, The World Bank (unpublished report).

Will Joint Implementation LULUCF projects be impossible in practice? Open letter to the JI Supervisory Committee and the UNFCCC secretariat by Bernhard Schlamadinger, Charlotte Streck, Robert O’Sullivan.

Response for the call for comments of the International Emission Trading Association and the Climate Group on the Voluntary Carbon Standards (2006) by Climate Focus.

Submission to the call for input of the JI Supervisory Committee on the format of JI PDDs and the relevant PDD guidelines (2006) by Climate Focus.

Local and Global benefits of including LULUCF Credits in the EU ETS (2006), by Robert O’Sullivan, Charlotte Streck, Toby Janson-Smith, Jonathan Haskett, Bernhard Schlamadinger and John O. Niles (unpublished report).

Key technical issues relevant to CDM Forestry Projects (2006), by Charlotte Streck, Toby Janson-Smith, Joachim Schnurr (unpublished report).

Submission to the call for input of the 23rd meeting CDM Executive Board on Additionality (2006) by Climate Focus.

Reasons for excluding forest carbon credits in the EU ETS, Prepared by Benoît Bosquet, Charlotte Streck, Toby Janson-Smith, Jonathan Haskett and Ian Noble.

Small-Scale Afforestation and Reforestation Projects: Simplified Modalities and Procedures (2004), by Sandra Greiner and Sergio Jaurequi, World Bank Carbon Finance Business submission to UNFCCC, FCCC/WEB/2004/2.

Small-Scale Afforestation and Reforestation Projects: Simplified Modalities and Procedures (2004), by Sandra Greiner and Sergio Jaurequi, World Bank Carbon Finance Business submission to UNFCCC, FCCC/WEB/2004/2.

As part of a  project of technical assistance to the Argentinian Office of Clean Development Mechanism, and the Coordinación Ecológica del Área Metropolitana Sociedad del Estado (CEAMSE), this publication covers legal issues related to the recuperation of gases from landfill projects, different modalities used in contracts for these projects and aspects related to environmental aspects.

How to define small-scale landfill gas projects? (2004), by Sandra Greiner, World Bank discussion paper.

Additionality test clarification (2004), by Lex de Jonge, Sandra Greiner and Gerhard Mulder, submitted to the CDM EB and presented for discussion at Carbon Expo, Cologne, Germany in May 2004.

Options for a Green Investment Scheme for Bulgaria (2004), by Charlotte Streck and Varadan Atur et al., The World Bank (unpublished report).

Joint Implementation and EU Accession Countries (2002), by Mercedes Fernandez and Axel Michaelowa, Discussion Paper N. 173 Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Hamburg.

In this wide-ranging volume, international experts explain the links between climate change and forests, highlighting the potential role of this sector within emerging climate policy frameworks and carbon markets. After framing forestry activities within the larger context of climate-change policy, the contributors analyze the operation and efficacy of market-based mechanisms for forest conservation and climate change. Drawing on project examples from around the world, the authors present concrete recommendations for policymakers, project developers, and market participants. They discuss sequestration rights in Chile, carbon offset programs in Australia and New Zealand, and emerging policy incentives at all levels of the U.S. government. The book also explores the different voluntary schemes for carbon crediting, provides an overview of carbon accounting best practices, and presents tools for use in future sequestration and offset programs. It concludes by considering a range of incentive options for slowing deforestation and protecting the world’s remaining forests.

UNEP Risoe announces forthcoming publication on carbon credit pricing. Carbon trading is expanding rapidly, with over 100 million credits from CDM projects sold to date. Market actors, particularly those engaged in CDM, need to be on top of new trends and price dynamics. This publication provides unique insights and in-depth analysis from traders, DNAs, legal advisers, investors, and CDM developers.

Sustainable development and international law, Christina Voigt, reviewed by Thiago Chagas and Charlotte Streck, Climate Policy 10 (2010), p 120-122.

Within New York University's School of Law publication “Climate Finance - Regulatory and Funding Strategies for Climate Change and Global Development”, Charlotte Streck contributed a chapter discussing the strengths, weaknesses and future of the CDM entitled “Expectations and Reality of the Clean Development Mechanism: A Climate Finance Instrument between Accusation and Aspirations”. The entire book, or specific thematic sections, can be downloaded at www.climatefinance.org.

Since 2005 the carbon market has grown to nearly $100 billion per annum. This new book examines all the main legal issues which are raised by this explosion of what is now called carbon finance. It covers not only the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms but also the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) that is in the process of reform and other national and voluntary schemes. The Parties to the 1992 UN Framework Convention are in the process of negotiating a successor regime to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol whose commitment period ends in 2012. As scientists predict that the threat of dangerous climate change requires much more radical mitigation actions, the negotiations aim for a more comprehensive and wide ranging agreement which includes new players - such as the US - as well as taking account of new sources (such as aircraft emissions) and new mechanisms such as Reducing Emissions through Deforestation and Degradation (REDD). This volume will cover the legal aspects of these.

Review of the book “Corporate strategies and the Clean Development Mechanism: Developing Country Financing for Developed Country Commitments? By Søren Ender Lütken and Axel Michaelowa; Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, 2008” (2009) reviewed by Sandra Greiner (2009), published in Climate Policy 9-6, pp. 681-683, doi:10.3763/cpol.2009.0666. To download the review please follow the link.

Expectations and Reality of the Clean Development Mechanism A Climate Finance Instrument between Accusation and Aspirations (2009) by Charlotte Streck. Chapter available for download.

Making Markets Work: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform (2008) by Charlotte Streck and Jolene Lin, European Journal of International Law 2008, 19: 409-442.

The publication of a new book, Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications was supported by the Norwegian government in order to facilitate progress of the unfccc negotiations on this important issue. Erik Solheim, Minister of Environment and International Development of Norway, described the value of “clarifying options associated with each issue- and their implications for effectiveness, efficiency and equity”. Robert O’Sullivan peer reviewed the book and Charlotte Streck contributed to two chapters: “What is the right scale for REDD” (Chap 4) and “How do we match country needs and financing sources” (Chap 5). The book was published by CIFOR and released at the cop in Poznan in December 2008. 

A Journal discussing climate policies around the globe, covering their conceptual design to the challenges of implementation. The Carbon & Climate Law Review brings together representatives from the legal discipline for the first time in one specialised journal, allowing them to engage in a dynamic debate on the law of climate change. Spanning practical and doctrinal focus, articles discuss ways in which legal professionals can help ensure smooth operation of the regulatory framework of the carbon markets. A section on current developments updates readers on the most recent events, trends, and political decisions. 

Special Issue of the Environmental Liability Journal on the legal status of Carbon Finance and the Flexible Mechanisms, edited by David Freestone and Charlotte Streck with contributions from Climate Focus team members

Snake Oil for the Mind: National Baselines for Reducing Deforestation by Charlotte Streck (2007). Published by The Katoomba Group's Ecosystem Marketplace.

A project developer’s view on Joint Implementation, by Adriaan Korthuis, presented at the Joint Implementation workshop UNFCCC, 10 March 2006.

Financial Instruments and Cooperation in Implementing International Agreements for the Global Environment (2006), by Charlotte Streck, published in Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change, Gerd Winder (ed.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.493-516.

The role of forests in global climate change: whence we come and where we go (2006), by Charlotte Streck and Sebastian Scholz, published in International Affairs 82 (5), pp. 861-879, London.

Implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism in China: Sustainable Development, Benefit Sharing and Ownership of Certified Emission Reductions (in press), by Charlotte Streck and Xinjun Zhang, Yearbook of International Environmental Law 2005, Vol.16, Oxford University Press, London.

Implementing the Kyoto Protocol: The European Emissions Trading Scheme (2005), by Charlotte Streck, published in The International Environmental Law Committee Newsletter, publication of the International Environmental Law Committee of the Section of International Law, American Bar Association, Vol. 1 Issue 1, June 2005, Washington, D.C. To download the newsletter please follow the link.

Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms: Making Kyoto Work (2005), by David Freestone and Charlotte Streck, Oxford University Press, London. Follow the link for table of contents. Or Buy the book from OUP .

State Aid Issues in Climate Change Policy  (2005), by Mercedes Fernandez, Eckard Rehbinder and Michael Bothe, published in EEP Network: Developing legal and economic instruments to implement climate policy, Eleven Publishing House, Utrecht.

Legal Ownership and Nature of Kyoto Units and EU Allowances, by Charlotte Streck and Matthieu Wemaere, in: Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms (2005), Charlotte Streck with David Freestone (eds), Oxford University Press, London.

Emissions Trading: Lessons From SOx and NOx Emissions Allowance and Credit Systems Legal Nature, Title, Transfer, and Taxation of Emission Allowances and Credits (2005), by Charlotte Streck and Markus W. Gehring, published in Environmental Law Reporter 4, Washington, D.C.

Featured as a spotlight article in the SinoSphere Journal of THE PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR CHINA’S ENVIRONMENT (PACE) Vol. 8 Issue, 1 May 2005, Beijing, pp. 5-12, this article discusses the potential for China to participate in the CDM, the variations across sectoral potential, and means to facilitate and capitalize upon development of CDM projects in the country.

Can the EU emission trading scheme support CDM forestry? (2005), by Charlotte Streck and Bernhard Schlamadinger, Benoit Bosquet, Ian Noble, Michael Dutschke, Neil Bird, published in Climate Policy, Vol. 5 Issue 2, Oxford University Press, London.

World Bank Carbon Finance Business: Contracts and Emission Reduction Purchase Transactions, by Charlotte Streck in: Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms (2005), Charlotte Streck with David Freestone (eds), Oxford University Press, London.

Joint Implementation: History, Requirements, and Challenges, by Charlotte Streck, in: Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms (2005), Charlotte Streck with David Freestone (eds).  Oxford University Press, London.

Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation in Accession Countries (2005), by Mercedes Fernandez and Leonardo Massai, published in EEP Network: developing legal and economic instruments to implement climate policy, Eckard Rehbinder and Michael Bothe (eds.), Eleven Publishing House, Utrecht.

The EU and Climate Change (2005), by Charlotte Streck and David Freestone, published in reflections on 30 Years of EU Environmental Law, A High Level of Protection?, Richard Macroy (ed.), The Avosetta Series (7), Europa Law Publishing, Groningen, pp.87-106.

Synergies between the Emissions Trading Proposal and the IPPC Directive (2003), by Mercedes Fernandez, published in ELNI, Vol.1, Öko-Institut, Darmstadt.

Progress or Peril? Partnerships and Networks in Global Environmental Governance, by Charlotte Streck, Jan Martin Witte and Thorsten Benner (eds.) (2003), The Post-Johannesburg Agenda, Yale RIS, New Haven.

Defining Investment Additionality for CDM projects – practical approaches (2003), by Sandra Greiner and Axel Michaelowa, Energy Policy 31, pp.1007-1015.

The World Summit on Sustainable Development: Partnerships as New Tools in Environmental Governance (2004), by Charlotte Streck , published in Yearbook of International Environmental Law 2002, Vol.13, Oxford University Press, London.

Global Public Policy Networks as Coalitions for Change (2002), by Charlotte Streck, published in Esty, Ivanova (eds). Global Environmental Governance, Options and Opportunities, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven.

Sharing the Climate Policy Burden in the EU (2002), by Toke Aidt and Sandra Greiner, Discussion Paper N. 176, Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Hamburg.

The April 20, 2010 presentation examines the state of the market for emission reductions from agricultural activities and conditions for future private investment.

On Monday, March 22, 2010, Charlotte Streck gave a lecture at the law school of the University of Wisconsin. In her lecture titled "From Copenhagen to Cancun: The Future of Legal Regime Governing Climate Change" she provided an analysis of the developments in at COP-15 in Copenhagen and advance thoughts on the role and future of the international climate regime.

On Monday, March 22, 2010, Charlotte Streck gave a lecture at the law school of the University of Wisconsin. In her lecture titled "From Copenhagen to Cancun: The Future of Legal Regime Governing Climate Change" she provided an analysis of the developments in at COP-15 in Copenhagen and advance thoughts on the role and future of the international climate regime.

Yale University has released “Carbon Finance II: Investing in Forests for Climate Protection,” a collection of lectures given during the 2008–2009 Carbon Finance Speaker Series at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and the Yale School of Management. Climate Focus’s Michael Coren gave a panel discussion highlighting major trends in forest carbon markets and underscoring the importance of policy for investment security.

Public-Private Rule-Making and Implementing in the New Carbon Economy, by Charlotte Streck, presented at the workshop in Climate Governance beyond Rhetoric Deliberation and rule making along the public-private frontier at the University of Lund, Sweden, on 29 May 2008.

CDM en JI projecten - de bronnen van CERs en ERUs, by Jelmer Hoogzaad, Congres Emissiehandel 2007, 15 May 2007, Ede, Netherlands.

Track 1 Joint Implementation, by Charlotte Streck, presented at UNFCCC JI Workshop in Bonn, Germany, 14 February 2007.

Protecting forests to mitigate global climate change, (in press) paper prepared for a DFID brainstorming session on ‘Illegal logging and associated trade: exploring future options’, held on 24 January 2007, at Chatham House in London.

Principles of Carbon Contracting. Asian Development Bank, Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (gtz), by Charlotte Streck, presented at Capacity building workshop in cooperation with BAPPENAS, 11 January 2007, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Presented at the Side Event of the Centre of International Sustainable Development Law (CISDL), 12th session of the Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC, 15 November 2006, Nairobi, Kenya.

JI and CDM in practice: Projects and market developments, by Charlotte Streck, Climate Dialogues, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, 31 October 2006, Hong Kong.

Desafíos y oportunidades de las energías renovables en relación con los mecanismos flexibles del Protocolo de Kyoto, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at Primera conferencia Reuters sobre mercados energéticos, on 28 September 2006, Madrid, Spain.

Legal issues: CDM and JI transactions, by Robert O’Sullivan, presented at workshop: “CDM and JI – chances for German technologies” in Hamburg, Germany, 9 March 2006.

Opportunities in the carbon market for Shanghai Futures Exchange, by Charlotte Streck and Sandra Greiner, presented at Shanghai Futures Exchange, on 28 August 2006, Shanghai, China.

Transacciones de Carbono a través del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio y Acción Conjunta: presente y futuro, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at Economía y cambio climático: bases para un tratado post-Kyoto, Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo, on 31 July-4 August 2006, Santander, Spain.

Sector Privado Europeo y MDL: estrategia y requisitos en la compra de CERs, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at MDL: Oportunidades de negocio y cooperación entre Alemania y Argentina, Cámara de Comercio Argentino-Alemana, on 7-8 June 2006, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Exclusions vs. inclusions of land-use offsets in emissions trading system: A barrier for linking?, by Charlotte Streck, presented together with Joanneum Research, at a workshop on linking of emission trading schemes organized by the Wuppertal Institut in Brussels, 29 May 2006.

Too many mechanisms, too few institutions: Challenges and chances for EITs, by Charlotte Streck, presented at SBSTA in Bonn, Germany, 25 May 2006.

Introduction to legal and contractual aspects of CDM projects, by Robert O’Sullivan, presented at the University of Twente, Netherlands, 23 May 2006.

Markets for LULUCF Credits b. Answering the Liability Question: Making Temporary Credits Compatible with the EU ETS, by Charlotte Streck, presented at Carbon Expo, 10-11 May 2006, Cologne, Germany.

Transacciones de carbono (MDL y AC): Proceso contractual y mitigación de riesgos a través de los contratos, by Mercedes Fernandez Armenteros, presented at Mercados, Financiación y Fondos de Carbono, Expo CO2, 4-5 May 2006, Barcelona, Spain.

Legal issues: JI transactions, by Charlotte Streck, presented at a Moscow workshop in Moscow, Russia, 15 April 2006.

The EU as climate change leader? The EU Emission Trading Scheme, by Charlotte Streck, presented at Brodies Lecture, University of Edinburgh, 1 March 2006.

International transaction log, ITL, by Adriaan Korthuis, presented at the PointCarbon conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1 March 2006.

The status of CDM and JI. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme – One year on, by Charlotte Streck, presented on 8 February 2006, Université de Leuven, Groot Begijnhof/Faculty Club, Leuven, Belgium.

The Carbon Capture and Storage under the Kyoto Protocol, by Jelmer Hoogzaad, presented at UNECE Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Coal in Sustainable Development, 2nd session, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2006.

This presentation was made by Robert O’Sullivan at BORDA International Workshop: Boosting basic needs services in Africa, 12-13 December 2005.  It covers how small scale project development can best be designed to ensure success.

Chances and Risks of AAU Backed Green Investment Schemes, by Jelmer Hoogzaad, presented at Climate Technology Initiative, Leipzig, Germany, October 2005.